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2011, vol. 45, br. 3, str. 23-41
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Politike zaštite životne sredine - ekonomsko-pravni aspekti
Environmental protection policies: Economic and legal aspects
Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Pravni fakultet, Srbija
Sažetak
Zemlje koje žele da budu ekonomski uspešne u savremenim uslovima moraju da sprovode strategiju održivog razvoja koja pretpostavlja da će se razvoj odvijati tako da ne ugrožava mogućnosti budućih generacija da zadovolje svoje potrebe. Strategija održivog razvoja se ne može sprovoditi bez izuzetne brige za zaštitu životne sredine.Tačno je bi se zaštitila životna sredina potrebno koristiti saznanja prirodnih nauka, ali da bi privredni subjekti i država bili podstaknuti da aktivno učešće u zaštiti životne sredine potrebno je napraviti optimalnu kombinaciju ekonomskih i pravnih mera. Da bi se ona sačinila od izuzetnog je značaja korišćenje saznanja koje nudi ekonomska analiza prava. U radu se analiziraju različite vrste mera kako one podsticajne tako i kaznene i njihov uticaj na zaštitu životne sredine. Iste mere ne mogu se primenjivati u zemljama različitog stepena ekonomskog razvoja i izgrađenosti pravne i ekonomske infrastrukture. U zemljama u razvoju i zemljama u tranziciji često puta se mora odstupiti i od osnovnog principa da onaj ko zagađuje i plaća. Poseban problem kada je reč o zemljama u tranziciji predstavlja proces privatizacije i s njim povezano pitanje odgovornosti za zaštitu životne sredine. Takođe u mnogim slučajevima kao jedino efektivna primenjuju se sredstva koja pruža krivično-pravna zaštita. Set pravno-ekonomskih mera radi zaštite životne sredine, a u funkciji održivog razvoja po pravilu se kreira na nacionalnom nivou, ali EU daje uspešan primer da ih je moguće početi sprovoditi i na nadnacionalnom planu. Mere koje bi preferirale model održivog razvoja kao i viši stepen zaštite životne sredine trebalo bi da obeshrabre ekonomske aktivnosti intenzivne energijom i materijalima.
Abstract
Every nation, no matter how poor, will find it in its own national interest to assert public control over some facets of the relation between its economy and natural environment. Many economists would prefer to see the analysis of prospective environmental policy integrated in the benefit-cost framework as a way of checking on the economic rationality of political decision. In the economic analysis of law, much attention has been paid to the instruments to be used for the control of environmental pollution. The combination of environmental legal doctrine and law and economics has a huge potential. However, the historic evolution clearly shows and increasing reliance on criminal law as an instrument of environmental policy. The polluter-pays principle stipulates that the person who damages the environment must bear the cost of such damage. A number of developing countries and countries in transition have recently extended this principle to create an obligation on the state to compensate the victims of the environmental harm. The EU is a successful example how to implement policies of sustainable development and environmental protection on the supranational level. The example of the EU shows that is necessary for success in the realization of sustainable development to encouraged measures addressed simultaneously at national, regional and global level. Measures that would prefer a model of sustainable development and a higher degree of protection of the environment should discourage materials- and energy- intensive economic activity.
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